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DAMASCUS
STEEL
The world of the smelting began to walk and the man
devised molds with which to obtain reproductions of the objects that
created. The technique of the smelting was advancing as the talent of the
smelter devised new procedures to fuse new objects. To thus the turn
arrived them at the knives and swords. Arrived east moment, the smelter
had stone molds that the same stature, using itself chisels of other
harder stones or fused escoplos of sand bronze previously. Already having
smelter of bivalbos stone molds and cooked mud crucibles, the "sword
one is born of bronze" in its primitive state, thought by him man
like non throw able weapon to fight to very short distance: hand-to-hand.
These new swords, are rather short, but later, animated already by the
dominion of the matter, the smelters dared to increase the length of the
leaves of the swords since the espadero tried prolonging the leaf to
distance to the adversary.
The man is handling the office and will be discovering, by means of his
work, as much the ideal mixtures for the hardness of the leaf of the sword,
like the necessary refuted ones in cold to the edges. The bronze smelting
of the whole sword will not be made until last centuries. In their
beginnings the leaf and the grip of the sword were fused separately to
later unite them by nailed riveting or.
The oldest description of the swords of Damascus dates
from year 540 of ours was, but they can long before have been in use, even
at the time of Alexander Magno (ca. 323 To C.). The own steel was done in
India, in where wootz was denominated. But it was at time of Domiciano
when the steel settled in Damascus (capital of Syria), along with a great
number of important espaderos that helped to make of the city an important
commercial center. That importance of Damascus caused the creation of a
procedure of hard and non fragile steel obtaining that tube its origin in
Northern India. Which, reached a great importance and recognition in
Damascus arriving to name "damascene steel" or "damasked
steel", giving these names to the steel treated similarly to this.
Always there were relation between the toledanos espaderos and those of
Damascus. But they were moments of necessity to find an improvement of the
quality of the swords, so the toledanos espaderos investigated the
composition of the steel Damascene, its surfaces grained with precious
irisaciones formed by all the gamma of grays and its faculty of fort
without becoming broken nor bending. These qualities of the steel would
serve as departure point for the forge of the leaf of the toledana sword
with "alma de hierro".
When investigating the qualities of the steel Damascene discovered that
the grained adornment of the leaves of the swords was the base of its
quality, everything had to the mixture, during the forge, of carbon
diamond materials different, generally the iron and the steel. But the
matters that composed the leaves of the swords had diverse materials;
carbon, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium, nickel and chromium. But
the important thing for the toledanos forjadores was the quality of the
hardness and flexibility of the swords, and that obtained with the union
by the forge of the iron and the steel.
The steel Damascene obtained by the union of pieces of iron and steel, by
means of the called process of weld "a calda". The way commonest
of that union of the steel Damascene was to enroscar diverse rods of steel
and iron, forging that handful and uniting the rods in a single piece
obtaining a solid bar, of which, later, they would forge the dagger or
sword blade.
The mixture of the steel Damascene to give to strength
and flexibility to the weapon already was obtained, but also it had some
failure, the possibility that some point of its edges was made up of an
iron vein. The ability of the toledanos espaderos improved the invention,
devised the sword with "alma de hierro", that it left from the
same principle to mix iron and steel, but guaranteeing that the edges of
their swords always were covered with steel, although the final result did
not have those irisaciones in the leaves.
"Alma de hierro" it consisted of a hard steel sword that hid in
its interior a sweet iron lamina, preventing that the leaf became broken
no matter how much this one struck or doubled. Because the iron and the
steel have to a certain temperature a high degree of weld ability, being
the propitious point to execute the unions in the called swords of iron
soul.
Let us remember that to the Tajo river almost miraculous properties have
been attributed to him that give quality to the toledanas swords. It has
been spoken of the magnificence of his waters to warm up much, not yet
verified. But it has been spoken little of sands of the Edge, and is in
them where one thinks that it was the key of that quality. Of this form
the best swords of the world dreamed up and warmed up in Toledo during
centuries XVI and XVII.
These toledanas swords were exported to all parts. But
what greater interest woke up in that international market of horsemen of
layer and sword, it was a good toledana leaf that it took well visible his
mark. Therefore the number of European espaderos was great that acquired
the leaves of Toledo to adapt them to their trimmings, or that sent his
here cazoletas and sparrow hawks so that they were mounted with toledanas
leaves. In Toledo the espaderos were many that often had striker pin with
that they marked his production responding with it of the quality of his
work, and, besides to punch with his mark, they recorded his name in the
leaves sanctioning with it to the sword and its possessor.
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